C Programing ( 3rd Part)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><img alt="Image result for constants in c" height="307" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTpdrbgL8Of-SM6HpVWWOvQv74vpZokBiJSHq2PPUbYYL0tjUFW" title="www.google.co.in" width="400" /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>The C Character Set</b></u></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><b><br /></b></u></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol used to represent information. Figure 1.1 shows the valid alphabets, numbers and special symbols allowed in C.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLiNbutG52g__pbDMGdXrHjDQqqt2zbfDa503uAGDJNB_PU0En0YuQFMkkdjTgmxj_PhrPj-c1tSyzR9PsMJemXgLRJp8BNC3yzAfu7ueFdiAQdRO8hiIO6RVZRsHi1s790JLsTrSooBKQ/s1600/Untitled-1+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Figure 1.1" border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLiNbutG52g__pbDMGdXrHjDQqqt2zbfDa503uAGDJNB_PU0En0YuQFMkkdjTgmxj_PhrPj-c1tSyzR9PsMJemXgLRJp8BNC3yzAfu7ueFdiAQdRO8hiIO6RVZRsHi1s790JLsTrSooBKQ/s400/Untitled-1+copy.png" title="Gulpa Tutorial" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure: 1.1</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Constants, Variables and Keywords</u></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">The alphabets, numbers and special symbols when properly combined from constants, variables and keywords. Let us see what are ‘constants’ and ‘variables’ in C. A constant is an entity that doesn’t change, whereas, a variable is an entity that may change.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">In any program we typically do lots of calculations. The results of these calculations are stored in computer’s memory. Like human memory, the computer’s memory also consists of millions of cells. The calculated values are stored in these memory calls. To make the retrieval and usage of these values easy these memory cells (also called memory locations) are given names. Since the value stored in each location may change the names given to shown in Figure 1.2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Here 3 is stored in a memory location and a name x is given to it. Then we have assigned a new value 5 to the same memory location x. This would overwrite the earlier value 3, since a memory location can hold only one value at a time.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4lejkkF-k6wdeJgAcYuEg6MoroigRachgC7jBGgN_UG0taOBuWSqiSe6ehel3AfRY15KQc7HNScKhBx3ajybbkzh-n3PWpIBnmo8zveEVOQjl8sZ8j_jJBs1YWjhUC8V9SlTSqrq0ykx6/s1600/1.2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="http://gulpatutorial.blogspot.in/" border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4lejkkF-k6wdeJgAcYuEg6MoroigRachgC7jBGgN_UG0taOBuWSqiSe6ehel3AfRY15KQc7HNScKhBx3ajybbkzh-n3PWpIBnmo8zveEVOQjl8sZ8j_jJBs1YWjhUC8V9SlTSqrq0ykx6/s400/1.2.png" title="Gulpa Tutorial" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure: 1.2</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Since the location whose name is x can hold different values at different times x is known as a variable. As against this, 3 or 5 do not change, hence are known as constants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Types of C Constants</u></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">C constants can be divided into two major categories:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Primary Constants<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 18px;">Secondary</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> Constants<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These constants are further categorized as shown in Figure 1.3.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6q9tNYlRBRtsZb51mSqBs2YpFHrnvVlBQWxBtvwl481RqjTVhPf-0kdSV-XDeT-ljoAdkmqo-vTHQeotVyBcH9a9qxEk28Urv91__Lu2UnVCjLQHgLCWuYPJmetOQzoGB41BU7gPqSsN/s1600/1.3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="http://gulpatutorial.blogspot.in/" border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI6q9tNYlRBRtsZb51mSqBs2YpFHrnvVlBQWxBtvwl481RqjTVhPf-0kdSV-XDeT-ljoAdkmqo-vTHQeotVyBcH9a9qxEk28Urv91__Lu2UnVCjLQHgLCWuYPJmetOQzoGB41BU7gPqSsN/s400/1.3.png" title="Gulpa Tutorial" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure: 1.3</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">At this stage, we would restrict our discussion to only Primary constants, namely, Integer, Real and Character constants. Let us see the details of each of these constants. For constructing these different types of constants, certain rules have been laid down. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">These rules are as under: </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><b>Please wait...!!coming soon </b></span><span style="font-size: 24px;"><b><o:p></o:p><span style="text-align: left;"> 4th Part</span></b></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>

C Programing ( 3rd Part)

The C Character Set A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol used to represent information. Figure 1.1 shows the valid alph...

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C Programing ( 1st Part)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifqUXYRo8Ir6LJ2G_-66-vY-h4rogsUQf1XmruALSTLiBYHMZ_IgUui-hB6pF3j3Rlmmx1b1sPuEzdlGFoY4k64tKNyDUXZs0tOlzv75ad-EVYEVkmXq0E9Z6EbbkAtngVCnpn87vqLH7B/s1600/th+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://gulpatutorial.blogspot.in/" border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifqUXYRo8Ir6LJ2G_-66-vY-h4rogsUQf1XmruALSTLiBYHMZ_IgUui-hB6pF3j3Rlmmx1b1sPuEzdlGFoY4k64tKNyDUXZs0tOlzv75ad-EVYEVkmXq0E9Z6EbbkAtngVCnpn87vqLH7B/s320/th+%25283%2529.jpg" title="Whats is C" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Whats is C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> C is a programming language developed at AT& T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972. It is designed and written by a man named Dennis Ritchie. In the late seventies C began to replace the more familiar languages of that time like PL/I, ALGOL, etc. No one pushed C. It wasn’t made the ‘official’ Bell Labs language. Thus, without any advertisement, C’s reputation spread and its pool of users grew. Ritchie seems to have been rather surprised that so many programmers preferred C to older languages like FORTRAN or PL/I, or the newer ones like Pascal and APL. But, that’s what happened.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An opinion that is often heard today is – “C has been already superseded by languages like C++, C# and Java, so why bother to learn C today”. I seriously beg to differ with this opinion. There are several reasons for this.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ol><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">I believe that nobody can learn C++ or JAVA directly. This is because while learning these languages you have things like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, templates, exception handling, references, etc. do deal with apart from knowing the actual language elements. Learning these complicated concepts when you are not even comfortable with the basic language elements is like putting the cart before the horse. Hence one should first learn all the language elements very thoroughly using C language before migrating to C++, C# or Java.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">C++, C# or Java make use of a principle called Object Oriented Programming (OOP) to organize the program. This organizing principle has lots of advantages to offer. But even while using this organizing principal you would still need a good hold over the language elements of C and the basic programming skills.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Though many C++ and Java based programming tools and frameworks have evolved over the years the importance of C is still unchallenged because knowingly or unknowingly while using these frameworks and tools you would be still required to use the core C language elements—another good reason why one should learn C before C++, C# or Java.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Major parts of popular operating systems like Windows, UNIX, Linux, are still written in C. This is because even today when it comes to performance (speed of execution) nothing beats C. Moreover, if one is to extend the operating system to work with new devices one needs to write device driver programs. These programs are exclusively written in C.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Mobile devices like cellular phones and palmtops have become rage of today. Also, common consumer devices like microwave ovens, washing machines and digital cameras are getting smarter by the day. This smartness comes from a microprocessor, an operating system and a program embedded in these devices. These programs not only have to run fast but also have to work in limited amount of memory. No wonder that such programs are written in C. With these constraints on time and space, C is the language of choice while building such operating system and programs.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">You must have seen several professional 3D computer games where the user navigates some object, like say a spaceship and fires bullets at the invaders. The essence of all such games is speed. Needless to say, such games won’t become popular if they takes a long time to move the spaceship or to fire a bullet. To match the expectations of the players the game has to react fast to the user inputs. This is where C language scores over other languages. Many popular gaming frameworks have been built using C language.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">At times one is required to very closely interact with the hardware devices. Since C provides several language elements that make this interaction feasible without compromising the performance it is the preferred choice of the programmer.</span></li></ol><!--[if !supportLists]--><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I hope that these are very convincing reasons why you should adopt C as the first and the very important step in your quest for learning programming languages.<o:p></o:p></span></div></div>

C Programing ( 1st Part)

Whats is C  C is a programming language developed at AT& T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972. It is designed and written by a man named...

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C Programing (2nd Part)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3eaBJY_R_mT5WEh6v7oEPjkdOYpmT8tc2MyhvMLuIn4vmmedpB8Cqw3GxgH_IUk1JQRLPT5Q_LSsaYdnutNFzVbQ7137YWiydfoWCcTpPfGCgyaxv3wGzznhhd7kJgKW9-BIWXA3ee8o/s1600/th+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="http://gulpatutorial.blogspot.in/" border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE3eaBJY_R_mT5WEh6v7oEPjkdOYpmT8tc2MyhvMLuIn4vmmedpB8Cqw3GxgH_IUk1JQRLPT5Q_LSsaYdnutNFzVbQ7137YWiydfoWCcTpPfGCgyaxv3wGzznhhd7kJgKW9-BIWXA3ee8o/s320/th+%25282%2529.jpg" title="http://gulpatutorial.blogspot.in/" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 21.4667px;">Getting Started with C</span></h2><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Communicating with a computer involves speaking the language the computer understands, which immediately rules out English as the language of communication with computer. However, there is a close analogy between learning English language and learning C language. The classical method of learning English is to first learn the alphabets used in the language, then learn to combine these alphabets to form words, which, in turn, are combined to from sentences and sentences are combined to form paragraphs. Learning C is similar and easier. Instead of straight-away learning how to write programs, we must first know what alphabets, numbers and special symbols are used in C, then how using them, constants, variables and keywords are constructed, and finally, hoe are these combined to form an instruction. A group of instructions would be combined later on to form a program. This is illustrated in the Figure 1.1</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJWGFhzA6n82eXnpP3hmASNQXW5fGxQoB3yYbkD2GqzRydDlVeg0LmNbUgoIy0asXA8SFER1zaKm_vJLCnYiQ3NfYHIaMaXTh9ZNC368vf1NOXjoW4sz_2N_PT1jHS7Q93hUurc38P9k8/s1600/Steps+in+C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="http://gulpatutorial.blogspot.in/" border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJWGFhzA6n82eXnpP3hmASNQXW5fGxQoB3yYbkD2GqzRydDlVeg0LmNbUgoIy0asXA8SFER1zaKm_vJLCnYiQ3NfYHIaMaXTh9ZNC368vf1NOXjoW4sz_2N_PT1jHS7Q93hUurc38P9k8/s400/Steps+in+C.jpg" title="Figure 1.1" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1.1</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div></div>

C Programing (2nd Part)

Getting Started with C Communicating with a computer involves speaking the language the computer understands, which immediately rules out En...

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